Our focus is on two human “wonders” of spirituality.  It may be used to affirm, nourish, renew and empower the human mind, body and spirit.  A wellspring of comfort and strength that enable coping and wellness, and reflection and direction and connectedness with other human beings.  A wellspring that overflows into love of one’s neighbor as oneself.  And, spirituality may accommodate and legitimize a narcissistic need for absolutes that allow an individual or group to remain oblivious to his/her or its neighbor.  A wastebasket into which a person or group may dump, and deify ignorance, feelings of powerlessness, and anti-democratic beliefs and behavior.  A wastebasket into which believers discard cause-and-effect understanding of human behavior and natural events to protect their god from knowledge—knowledge that threatens their own ignorance and insecurity, contradicts their infallible Bible, and hence undermines their need for absolutes and their authority to interpret and demand allegiance to the unexplainable domain of God.  First, spirituality as a wellspring of self-empowerment and connectedness with other human beings.

Foremost, spirituality is personal.  It may be defined by, but not confined to, creed or ritual.  It may be explained but not contained, described but not proscribed.  It may be entertained but not institutionalized.  For example, in a discussion about religion, a hospital patient was asked if he were “Baptist, Methodist, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, or of another religion?,” and he replied, “None of the above.  I’m spiritual.”  Like many persons, his spirituality did not fit traditional classifications.  He voiced a private faith in a personal God which apparently helps him deal with his medical and other realities.  He evidently is one of the 6 _ million representations of spirituality on Google.

The assumed empowering personal nature of spirituality is seen in the prayer of a woman who has been blind and suffering from a chronic illness for 40 years: “God, I’m sick and thank you anyhow [italics added].   You have helped me through it for 40 years, and given me a loving husband and two wonderful children.  I praise You not just for the good times but for the bad times too, which You have led me through.” She was not thanking God for curing her blindness but for seeing her through it—though she may well have prayed often for a miracle ealier on.

“Thank you anyhow” may exemplify studies showing that people with spiritual resources especially appear to possess resiliency in coping with illness and injury, and still enjoy a quality of life in the midst of stress, discomfort and limitations.  Spirituality seems to foster a positive, accepting, empowering attitude, enabling people to proactively realize that they help to determine the possibilities of their limitations and the limitations of their possibilities.  The connection between spirituality and attitude is perceptively expressed in The Bible: "Remember my affliction and bitterness, the wormwood and the gall! My soul continually thinks of it and is bowed down within me. But this I call to mind {italics added}, and therefore I have hope: The steadfast love of the Lord never ceases, his mercies never come to an end, they are new every morning." (Lamentations 3: 19-23)

Not that attitude is dependent on spirituality for will power and quality of life.  One may call to mind inner emotional resources, loving human relationships, and positive experiences and therefore have hope and thrive in the face of adversity.  Affirmation, inspiration, love, reinforcement come from a human spirit as well as from the Holy Spirit.  Spirituality is believed to be a source of inner strength not the source.

While spirituality is personal and perceived as heaven sent, it also moves in horizontal ways. A hospital patient said she did not have a “strong backbone,” felt like an “outsider,” but hospital staff made her feel “welcomed and included”—as did her  roommate also make her “feel good.”  A spirit lacking “backbone” and possible self-esteem found uplift in being understood, accepted, and affirmed.

Spirituality has a “human touch.”  The wondrous horizontal “ways” of spirituality is seen in a woman who underwent two additional unexpected surgeries, and, when finally ready, and eager, to be discharged developed a complication which continued to hospitalize and depress her.  “I had had it,” she said.  “I just stopped trying, stopped fighting to get better, gave in and just left it all in God’s hands.  I had given up. But later, when I heard my roommate start to hum ‘Love lifted me,’ my body surged upward; and then she began to sing the words. . .”  Spirituality has a “human touch.”

Spirituality may involve more of a human touch than is readily understood and appreciated.  It may be impossible to know where an individual’s emotional and physical make-up end and spirituality begins.  For example, an attractive older female pastoral care volunteer visited a very sick-appearing, listless, prone male hospital patient.  As she stood next to his bed and engaged him in conversation, his body began to stir.  Their exchanges grew more spontaneous, personal, familiar, and even light-hearted joshing, leading him to literally rise up in his bed, his body animated, his full smile reflecting an uplifted spirit.  Her presence and their exchange seem to have not only made his day but his hospital stay.  Her prayer appeared to be anticlimactic.  He had already caught the spirit.  Was it agape or eros? Or both?

Spirituality can be empowering.  Individual religious experience can alleviate guilt, give peace of mind, certainty and inner strength.  It can turn an individual around, lead one to be “born again,” to become sober, clean, responsible, focused, creative. Another man suddenly stopped abusing his body with alcohol and cigarettes when he discovered that someone else loved it and him—and revealed it was a temple of spirituality.  That someone was Jesus, whom he accepted as his savior, which acceptance
not only saved him from years of self-abuse but also inspired him to write songs and sing them for others in churches and on radio broadcasts.   

In the face of imprisonment, “the prayer of a righteous man availeth much”, a Black man newly converted to the Muslim faith.  Even in confinement, self-empowerment is obtained in solidarity with people of like-minded realities and beliefs, affirming and liberating the spirit in the face of an oppressive environment and society.  The spiritual power of solidarity even in solitary confinement.

While many studies claim to show that spirituality promotes health, Dr. Richard P. Sloan and associates provide their own cautionary research.  “Even in the best studies,” they write, “the evidence of association between religion, spirituality and health is weak and inconsistent.”  They also cite ethical issues implied by belief in a god who seems to play favorites, one issue of which is, “Are the more devout adherents ‘better’ people, more deserving of health than others?”  They assume that such a belief suggests “illness is due to [patients’] own moral failure,” and produces an “additional burden of guilt.”  (“Religion, spirituality, and medicine,” by R. P. Sloan, E. Bagiella and T. Powell, The Lancet, Feb. 20, 1999, Pages 664-667, Vol. 353, Issue 9153)  It is as if God favors those who favor him, which is contrary to Jesus’ teaching that God “makes his sun rise on the evil and the good, and sends his rain on the just and the unjust . . . and is kind to the ungrateful and the selfish.” (Matthew 5: 46; Luke 6: 35,36)

Not that Dr. Sloan and his colleagues disregard the power of prayer.  They write, “No-one can object to respectful support for patients who draw upon religious faith in times of illness.”  But they conclude that “it is premature to promote faith and religion as adjunctive medical treatments.”  They say that until related “ethical issues are resolved, suggestions that religious activity will promote health, that illness is the result of insufficient faith, are unwarranted.” (Ibid.)   

Dr. Sloan also states that “attempts to make religious activities adjunctive medical treatments . . . come dangerously close to efforts to validate religion by its effects on health.”  He says, “Religion does not need science to justify its existence or appeal.” (“Should Physicians Prescribe Religious Activities,” The New England Journal of Medicine, June 22, 2000, Vol. 342: 1913-1916, No. 25)

Mayo Clinic internal medicine specialist and researcher Paul S. Mueller, while more positive than Dr. Sloan and associates about the relationship between religion and health, grounds spirituality this way: “Although the relationship between religious involvement and spirituality and health outcomes seems valid, it is difficult to establish causality. . . . The benefits of religious and spiritual involvement are likely conveyed through complex psychosocial, behavioral and biological processes that are incompletely understood.” (www.science-spirit.org)

The intrinsically personal and individual nature of spirituality reveals the difficulty involved in trying to determine common denominators.  The “spirit” moves one group of worshippers to stand, sway, clap their uplifted hands and say “Hallelujah!” “Amen!” “Thank you, Jesus!”—to the beat of gospel music and preaching.  Another congregation may sit quietly, attuned to orderly measures of an anthem and sermon that accommodate and inform their meditative mood.  A third group may find their spirits quickened and renewed in chanting, ritual and sacrament.  While a fourth may find their spirituality uplifted and community reinforced and empowered in bowing together and facing East toward Kabbah and kneeling and praying in unison.  And a fifth may find the light of spirituality in silence.  Each group might not “get” the other’s access to and expression of spirituality.  Yet the legitimacy of each would seem to be obvious.  But too often it is not.   

Spirituality can be a wastebasket into which an individual or group may dump, deny and even deify insecurities reflected in self-centered, narcissistic, dominating tendencies.  A person who has spent a life-time abusing his or her lungs, liver and/or heart may pray for miraculous healing when confronted with reaping what she or he has sown.  Here spirituality is resorted to in an attempt to overcome the reality of cause and effect—a very human, but usually futile and despairing tendency.  However, it may not just be about choices and self-abuse but also about the health- or illness-disposed genetic makeup one inherits.  And lest one fails to appreciate another’s reality: illness naturally makes one physically, emotionally and spiritually centered on oneself.

Certain biblically-guided Christians believe that their “God is able” to perform the miraculous healing of a dying or physically paralyzed loved one (or another) in the face of cause-and-effect scientific medical reality.  They believe what is needed, as Jesus said, is enough faith: “And whatever you ask in prayer, you will receive, if you have faith..” (Matthew 21: 22)  When death ensues, or the physical impairment remains, those who “pray without ceasing” may blame themselves, believing their faith was not strong enough to elicit God’s favor.  Such Bible-inspired belief is understandably propelled by love and hope and fear—and denial.  But in the end there may be a spiritual Catch-22 of guilt—with a letdown of faith caused by a seemingly narcissistic, reality-denying diety.  It would appear that spirituality should help one to deal with reality not short cut or deny it.

While people inevitably reap the cause-and-effect they sow, certain people reap what others have sown for them.  There remains in America an historic, institutionalized White-controlled hierarchy of access to political and economic power.  This hierarchy has enabled White persons to sow far more educational and economic opportunities than people of color—and thus reap far greater health and health care.  At the heart of America’s “lingering racial divide” is a job gap that creates a health gap. Black persons
continue to reap an unhealthy, discriminatory, White-favored political and economic order sown for those at the bottom of the hierarchy.  Those who suffer from lack of adequate paying jobs, insufficient diet, polluted air, an indifferent and often hostile environment, and a tokenistic power structure are more likely to reap hypertension, anxiety, high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney failure, asthma, stroke, cancer, heart disease, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, implosive physical violence, and lower life
expectancy. (“Patients With H.I.V. Seen as Separated By a Racial Divide,” The New York Times, August 7, 2004; “Disparities found in health care for blacks,” The Boston Globe, August 5, 2004; “Report finds minorities get poorer healthcare,” by Ron Blakey, March 20, 2002, www.cnn.com; “Mental Health Problems Among Minorities,” by Richard A. Sherer, www.healthyplace.com.)

In a report, the Northwest Federation of Community Organizations in Seattle concluded, “Unconscious racism is so entrenched in the US medical system that the only way to eliminate disparities is to change the rules . . .”  Will Pittz, lead author of the report, said, “The healthcare system as a whole provides vastly unequal access and treatment based on race, language, and ethnicity. . . . Racism within the health system is literally making people of color sick.”

The Boston Globe news story on the report also cited former US surgeon general Dr. David Satcher, who “found that more than 80,000 black Americans die every year because of continuing disparities in healthcare.”  The news story, called “Racism blamed for health disparities,” also cited another study: “Last September, the Sullivan Commission on Diversity in the Health Workforce found that while black, Hispanics, and Native Americans make up more than 25 percent of the US population, they represent only 9 percent of the nation’s nurses, 6 percent of doctors, and 5 percent of dentists.” (July 20, 2005)

Economically speaking, one group’s wellspring may be another group’s wastebasket. Spiritually speaking, one person’s blessing may be another person’s curse. 

Matters of the spirit can also be recreated in the image of an individual’s or group’s need for certainty, security, rightness, power over others and domination.  Spirituality can be a vehicle to authenticate and dictate “correct” theological belief rather than just, ethical behavior.  Here spirituality is a means by which to obtain the right experience and belief, not do the right thing—as if that which is perceived as spiritual can be contained, patented, prescribed, absolutized, institutionalized.  Here also spirituality is often about a personal, other-worldly destination, more than about an interpersonal journey with others—unless they are, or become, like-minded.

To claim absoluteness in matters of the spirit is to reveal ignorance of the spirit that matters to other kinds of people.  To claim one’s religion has, or religious experience is, the key to the spiritual kingdom is to unknowingly confess one’s own spiritual serfdom.  Such confinement of spirit may be acted out in an interfaith or community observance or national event at which a Christian minister or priest gives an invocation or benediction “in the name of Your only Son, our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.”  Classic examples are the closing words of Baptist evangelist Rev. Franklin Graham’s Invocation  at President George W. Bush’s January 2001 Inauguration: “. . . We pray this in the name of the Father, and of the Son, the Lord Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen;” and the conclusion of United Methodist minister Kirbyson Caldwell’s Benediction at the same Inaugural: “We respectfully submit this humble prayer in the name that’s above all other names, Jesus, the Christ.  Let all who agree say amen.”

A Christian minister or priest who is unaware, for example, of the Jews or Muslims in an audience before him (or her) is far more likely to be oblivious to the Muslims or Jews being oppressed around him—or beyond him by his government in his name.  “Christocentrism,” like egocentrism and ethnocentrism, is oblivious to diversity.  “In Jesus name” can become like a box one cannot think outside of – like a Trinity in  which one is boxed in.

With spirituality, the danger to one’s neighbor comes when one moves from simply doing “good works” to a theological group identity that feels superior and then to domination over those seen as “inferior.”  Where does spirituality end and personality, culture, and national identity begin?

Where does faith end and cause-and-effect begin?  Certain religious leaders and their followers need to protect God—and themselves—from knowledge.  The more mysterious God’s ways, the more they can actually control His movement—with an infallible compass, the Bible.  They need to believe that God’s ways are “unsearchable.”  Therein lies these religious leaders’ authority and power over people—and their people’s need to remain dependent and powerless.  Such religious leaders can turn to their divinely revealed Bible to interpret God’s ways and will.  Thus a prominent Southern Baptist author reportedly told pastors at a workshop, “The tsunamis that hit South Asia were God’s punishment of a [Muslim] area where Christians have experienced particularly intense persecution.” (“Blackaby says tsunamis God’s judgement; missions experts question theology,” by Ken Camp, Associated Baptist Press-News, 1/27/2005

Thus “some religious conservatives (Rev. Pat Robertson, Hal Lindsey, and Charles Colson) have speculated that  . . . Hurricane Katrina was sent by God as an omen or as a punishment for America’s alleged sins,” especially “legalized abortion” (“Religious conservatives claim Katrina was God . . . ,” Media Matters for America, Sept. 13, 2005)

Thus “an organization of Christian fundamentalists claims the destruction brought on by Hurricane Katrina is God’s judgement against New Orleans for holiday festivals like the annual gay Southern Decadence party. ‘Although the loss of life is deeply saddening, this act of God destroyed a wicked city,’ said Repent America director Michael Marcavage on the organization’s website.” (“Religious groups link Hurricane to gay event,” Christopher Curtis.gay.com/Planet Ont.com Network)

Thus such divine judgement appears to be shared by Rev. Franklin Graham (son of Rev. Billy Graham) who said, “There’s been a black spiritual cloud [italics added] over New Orleans for years.”  Appearing at Liberty University, a Christian college, “Graham spoke about how some believed God was using the hurricane to spark a religious revival there,” because “New Orleans is a city known for Satan worship, orgies and widespread drinking and drug use.” (“Some US Christians say Katrina was God’s handiwork,” by Paul Simao, Reuters Alert Net, Oct. 16, 2005)  What would a white spiritual cloud represent?  Goodness?  Showers of blessings?  The revelation of Rev. Franklin Graham’s own unconscious feelings of racial superiority?  To what degree are spirituality and God colored by one’s own racial conditioning and identity?

Thus Rev. Jerry Falwell interpreted the 9/11/2001 attacks as “God’s judgement on America.”  “I really believe,” Falwell said, “that the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actually trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way, all of them who have tried to secularize America.  I point the finger in their face and say ‘you helped this happen.’”  Rev. Pat Robertson reportedly said “Amen!” to Falwell’s prophetic judgement-- which “revelation” Falwell later retracted. (“Falwell apologizes to gays, feminists, lesbians,” CNN.com/U.S., Sept. 14, 2001)

Civilized society punishes people severely for committing a fraction of the wanton and destructive behavior certain Christian fundamentalist and other religious leaders attribute to God.  It would seem that such leaders are projecting onto God their own unconscious hatred and aggression.  Such a destructive god should be confined to history or banished to the heavens or confined to the book-- and not allowed to return and “move in mysterious ways” upon the earth and among human beings until certain worshippers enjoy the therapeutic touch of a Golden Retriever—or unexpectedly discover the humanizing love of a gay or lesbian son or daughter, or experience unconditional love themselves—from a god who “makes his sun rise on the evil and the good, and sends his rain on the just and the unjust . . . [and who] is kind to the ungrateful and the selfish.” (Matthew 5: 45; Luke 6: 6; 35)

The attempt to protect God from empirical knowledge—i.e., the need to dumb-down God—is seen in the “new direction” in the training of ministers in pastoral care and counseling at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky.  The seminary has dropped “secular psychology” from its curriculum and “is taking its Christian counseling department in a new direction, one built upon the sufficiency of Scripture and designed to train pastors to deal biblically with the needs of hurting people.”  This “wholesale change in emphasis [is] built upon the view that Scripture is sufficient to answer comprehensively the deepest needs of the human heart [italics added].  The very psychological knowledge and supervised clinical training, through which ministers gain self-understanding and are thus better able to love themselves and hence, their neighbor, is dumped into a wastebasket.  Replaced by “true ‘pastoral care’ as defined by the Scriptures.”  (“Southern Seminary Launches new vision for biblical counseling,” by Jeff Robinson, (BP) news, Feb. 15, 2005)

An alarmed pastoral psychotherapist, Rev. Dr. Perry Miller, writes that he and other psychotherapists and clinical supervisors of ministers-in-training “have had to pick up the pieces of people’s lives, who have been counseled or supervised by such a limited model.”  Miller stresses the importance of clergy gaining insight into themselves and other persons through integrating knowledge of the social sciences under the guidance of a clinically trained supervisor. (“A Threat to Clinical Pastoral Training,” by Perry Miller, Pastoral Report.com, The Newsletter of the College of Pastoral Supervision and Psychotherapy, Feb. 23, 2005).  The spiritual health of worshippers depends in part on the emotional health of their religious leaders.

Religious leaders and their followers who need to protect God from cause-and-effect, from knowledge are projecting on to God their own need to protect themselves from self-knowledge.  They tend to be anti-introspective persons, not wanting to look at and understand their own feelings and motivation.  Paul the Apostle said, “Faith without works is dead.” (James 2:26)  One might add, faith without self-knowledge can be deadly.

Self-knowledge is a fundamental qualification of any clergy person.  One has to know where one is coming from in order to know where other persons are at.  Self-knowledge helps one to avoid getting in one’s own way in working with and serving people.  The more one is in touch with and accepting of oneself, the better prepared one is to experience and accept other persons as themselves. 

Each person seems to have his/her own unique “spiritual fingerprints”—as does each group have its own individual ways of performing its spiritual wonders.  The spiritual lives of individuals seem to be as varied as their emotional make-up, physical identities, and cultural orientations and conditioning.  The influence of personality, culture and spirituality on each other is believed to determine the various ways in which the human spirit moves to perform its wonders. 

If the individual and personal nature of spirituality reveals (inadvertently) anything about divinity, it appears to be the diversity of divinity--and thus the divinity of diversity.  Spirituality seems to disclose that any divinity is evidently comfortable with, affirms and embraces both humanity’s diversity and connectedness, individuality and commonality, uniqueness and oneness.  An apparently spiritually inspired Paul the Apostle declared, “If I have all faith, so as to remove mountains but have not love, I am nothing.” (I Corinthians 13:26). 

Whether the source of one’s spirituality is a “holy spirit” or a human spirit, spirituality would appear to include what one does with what one feels and believes.  It would seem that one’s spiritual experiences and beliefs would lead to identification and connectedness with all living beings. The bottom line of spirituality, therefore, would seem to be behavior and not simply belief, action and not just awe, outreach and not merely uplift, introspection and not only inspiration, justice and not just joy.  Just as the truth is reflected in what one does. When asked which commandment was the greatest, Jesus himself emphasized that spirituality contains a key horizontal dimension: “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart . . . and . . . your neighbor as yourself.” (Matthew 22:35-40)

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Rev. William E. Alberts, Ph.D. is a hospital chaplain.  Both a Unitarian Universalist and United Methodist minister, he has written research reports, essays and articles on religion, racism, war and politics.  He can be reached at william.alberts@bmc.org

Amy E. Alberts, M.A. is a Ph.D. student at Tufts University in the Eliot-Pearson department of Child Development and Family Systems.  She is co-editor, with Dr. Jacqueline Lerner, of Current Directions in Developmental Psychology, a Pearson Prentice Hall book of readings from the American Psychological Society (2004).  She can be reached at aea121@hotmail.com.